Risk Management and Concert - 6759 Words

XSU Spring Concert You are a member of the X University student body entertainment committee. Your committee has agreed to sponsor a spring concert. The motive behind this concert is to offer a safe alternative to Alta Vista Baby (AVB) Week†end, a spring event in which students for X University rent houseboats to engage in heavy partying. Traditionally this occurs during thelast weekend in May. Unfortunately, the partying has a long history of getting out of hand, sometimes leading to fatal accidents. After one such tragedy last spring, your committee wants to offer an alternative experience for those who are eager to celebrate the change in weather and the pending end of the school year. You have just finished a preliminary scope†¦show more content†¦Concert must be over by 11:30 P.M. XSU Spring Concert You are a member of the X University student body entertainment committee. Your committee has agreed to sponsor a spring concert. The motive behind this concert is to offer a safe alternative to Alta Vista Baby (AVB) Week†end, a spring event in which students for X University rent houseboats to engage in heavy partying. Traditionally this occurs during thelast weekend in May. Unfortunately, the partying has a long history of getting out of hand, sometimes leading to fatal accidents. After one such tragedy last spring, your committee wants to offer an alternative experience for those who are eager to celebrate the change in weather and the pending end of the school year. You have just finished a preliminary scope statement for the project (see below). You are now brainstorming potential risks associated with the project. 1. Identify potential risks associated with this project. Try to come up with at least five different risks. 2. Perform a risk assessment to analyze identified risks. 3. Develop a risk response matrix to outline how you would deal with each of the risks. PROJECT OBJECTIVE To organize and deliver an eight†hour concert at Wahoo Stadium at a cost not to exceed $50,000 on the last Saturday in May. ï ¿ ¼DELIVERABLES †¢ Local advertising. †¢ Eight hours of music and entertainment. †¢ Secure all licenses and approvals. MILESTONES †¢ Concert security. †¢ Food venues. †¢ SecureShow MoreRelatedAn Open Air Outdoor Stadium For A Concert Venue1443 Words   |  6 Pageshandle the risk management plan for the Providence stop of a concert series. The services provided will involve creating a risk management plan, which includes four steps: identifying risk; assessing risk; choosing a management action; and implementing and monitoring the process (Wall, 2009, p.12). The venue for the concert will be an open-air outdoor stadium that is used primary for football, so the variables for the event will be plentiful. Carefully assessing the potential risk management issuesRead MoreThe Management Plan For The Providence Football Stadium Arena Stadium782 Words   |  4 Pages The venue selected to stage the concert is an open air football stadium that holds a capacity of 15,000 patrons. When planning an outdoor event it is important to have a proper risk management plan in place to address the potential risk associated with the planning and execution of the â€Å"Fly Away Tour†. Throughout the following risk assessment plan we will identify, assess, implement, and review the risk that can happen over the course of the event. The risks that can happen at the ProvidenceRead MoreXsu Spring Concert824 Words   |  4 Pages– XSU Spring Concert. Risk Identification Firstly, we can state that, as with most projects, there are several risks that occur when it comes to the execution of this spring concert. To make the risks more easily viewable, it is preferable to divide the risks into different sections and via that use the Risk Breakdown Structure, (RBS). (p.214) There are four general categories that the risks are divided into: Technical, External, Organizational and Project Management. These risks are divided intoRead MoreWhat Pyrotechnics Restrictions Would You Place On The Artists?1561 Words   |  7 Pagesattract some 10,000 spectators and will be broadcast live to other parts of the nation. How would you handle the stage planning and the electrical planning for this show? What pyrotechnics restrictions would you place on the artists? When planning a concert there are plenty of different aspect that must be considered during this process. The most vital aspects that requires careful planning are the stage planning, and electrical planning. Every music group has different desires for the layout of theRead MoreThe For A Good Risk Management Plan826 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol and rock concerts often intersected over the course of time; plenty of concerts and festivals have either used alcohol as a sponsor or ancillary revenue. Alcohol and other types of concessions sold at festivals are considered ancillary revenue because it is derived from goods or services other than the primary service or good being offered (What is ancillary revenue, 2015, para.1). Therefore, serving alcohol at festivals is another way for the promotors, event managers, and the venue toRead MoreSecret Shopper : Getter At The Royal Oak Music Theatre Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesSecret Shopper: Getter We attended a concert at the Royal Oak Music Theatre, in Royal Oak, Michigan. Both of us have experienced events at this venue and we were excited to see Getter DJ. Getter is a dubstep and bass music producer that has been releasing music since 2010, but just recently has grown in popularity. This show was a part of his first bus tour across the U.S. There are many elements that go along with producing live entertainment events, and every participant has a different experienceRead MoreTraining And Management Of Product Quality1536 Words   |  7 Pagesbudget projection and management. Demonstrated aptitude for team leadership and training and management of product quality. Passionate about continuous learning; PMP Certification (PMI) and Six Sigma certification (ASQ) in progress. Looking for a management position within a major corporation dedicated to corporate integrity and customer satisfaction. Experience Event Design and Management, Blue Box Events January 2015 – Current Salary: Contracted $50-$75 hourly †¢ Management services featuredRead MoreRisk Management Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesRisk management is the term applied to a logical and systematic method of establishing the context, identifying, analyzing, evaluating, treating, monitoring and communicating risks associated with any activity, function or process in a way that will enable organizations to minimize losses and maximize opportunities. (Lecture notes)Risk Management is also described as all the things you need to do to make the future sufficiently certain. (The NZ Society for Risk Management, 2001) The goal forRead MoreMetropolis Terrorism Incident Preparedness Strategy1343 Words   |  6 PagesIncident Preparedness Strategy The constantly changing nature of terrorism mandates that Metropolis continues to press forward to develop a vision and strategy that defines their terrorism preparedness objectives. Employing insight and identifying eight risk areas, Metropolis has developed this terrorism incident preparedness plan. The intent of this document is to provide Metropolis guidance and cohesion to support agencies during a terrorist event using reactionary and resiliency planning. Moreover,Read MoreLady Gaga Case Studyanalysis1273 Words   |  6 PagesReid: Record Producer †¢ Kanye West: Hip Hop/Rap Artist Others: †¢ William Morris Endeavor - Agency †¢ Atom Factory Inc. †¢ Live Nation †¢ Coalition Media (2) IDENTIFY THE MAJOR PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN THE CASE Problems Issues: ï  ¶ Lady Gaga’s management team had to make a strategic decision on whether or not Lady Gaga would be continuing the tour solo or not. ï  ¶ If Lady Gaga would perform the tour solo would they have to readjust and cater to a smaller venue being that Kanye West withdrew from

Essay about Homelessness Hidden in America - 473 Words

Homelessness Hidden in America Homelessness in America has gone un-noticed for so long. For America to be the â€Å"land of opportunity† there is a large amount of people who have been deprived of what they were promised. There is so much this country offers, but at the same time there are so many qualifications. Not everyone can meet these standards that are sometimes required. This results in homelessness and poverty. Homelessness has become a hidden aspect in life. The government wants people to continue seeing America’s beauty. In order for that to be successful they would have to get rid of the flaws. It is never easy to see a homeless person on the street begging for food or money. I would choose to see what is going on in the world†¦show more content†¦People believed being homeless was a lifestyle chosen by that person. No one chooses to be homeless or live in poverty. Most of the time people are having problems with the government that result in leaving them without shelter, food, or an education. Over the past fifteen to twenty years, there has been an increasing shortage of affordable rental housing as well as an increase in poverty. It is becoming more of a struggle everyday for people to survive in this world. Jobs are limited, and education isn’t even an option for some people. Who or what is the face of homelessness? What are the demographics? Can one be homeless if they are old or young? In 1998, the U.S Conference of Mayors’ survey of homelessness in 30 cities found that children under the age of 18 accounted for 25% of the urban homeless population. A 1987 Urban Institute study found that 51% of the homeless populations were between the ages of 31 and 50; other studies have found percentages of homeless persons aged 55 to 60 ranging from 2.5% to 19.4%. (National Coalition for the Homeless factsheet) Many people believe that race has something to do with being homeless. The ethnic makeup of homeless populations is different according to the place you live. People, who are living homeless in rural areas, are most likely white. In its 1998 survey of 30 cities, the U.S Conference of Mayor found that the homeless population was 49% African-American, 32% Caucasian, 12% Hispanic, 4% NativeShow MoreRelatedThe United Kingdom And The Implication For Women849 Words   |  4 Pagesand explore homelessness in the United Kingdom and the implication for women. Literature review Many historian and social scientist agree that the multi-dimensional and complex nature of homelessness has resulted in the relative difficulty in establishing a clear definition of homelessness. Accordingly, homelessness began to escape concise definition, due to the complexity and increasing diversification (Chamberlain and Johnson: 2001). However, globally the definition of homelessness states thatRead MoreHomelessness : Poverty And Lack Of Permanent And Stable Housing1244 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness is the situation where individuals lack safe and adequate housing resulting in sleeping in the streets, their cars, and family or friends homes or in shelters. According to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), a homeless person is an individual who does not a have a permanent residence place, but rather has a temporary nighttime residence which is not designed for the accommodation of human beings (National Health Care for the Homeless Council, n.d.) SuchRead MoreAll Men and Women have the Right to the American Dream638 Words   |  3 Pagesand be forced to leave their homes. Homelessness doesn’t differentiate but effects individuals from all walk of life such as; families with children, military veterans, victims of domestic violence, the working poor, and the mentally ill, just to name a few. Homelessness is influenced by not only by economic factors; it includes social, medical, and political factors as well, however, every community is unique in finding ways to overcome homelessness including our community within Pettis CountyRead MoreHow Homelessness Has Changed Since The Great Depression843 Words   |  4 PagesThe image of homelessness has changed since the Great Depression, when many homeless people were elderly and white. Today a growing number of women and families, including young children, are homeless because of insufficient housing and resources (Bassuk Rosenberg, 1988). As the number of homeless people has continued to rise over the past decade, homelessness has become a central feature of life in America. Homelessness tends to be associated with images of people who sleep in the streets, parksRead MoreStudent s Perceptions Of Homeless Persons Essay886 Words   |  4 Pagesthree million people homeless in America at any given time. Research as shown that homeless individuals often are treated differently just because of other people’s perceptions toward them (Boydell, Goering, Morrell-Bellai, 2000; Harter, Berquist, Titsworth, Novak, Brokaw, 2005). Persons wanting to work with homeless individuals should be aware of any biases they bring with them when working with this population. Homelessness in a growing problem in America today. Several studies have beenRead MoreMental Illness, Drug And Alcohol Abuse1476 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The information I gathered from the research was that the major factors that contribute to homelessness are mental illness, drug and alcohol abuse. I also learned that many individuals need to develop skills and seek treatment to learn how to break the patterns which lead to cyclical or generational homelessness (Morris, 1997). There are many signs that contribute to individuals paths to homelessness and some include sudden unemployment, maintain a budget for the family, domestic violence, mentalRead MoreNo Look As You Walk Your Routine Route1521 Words   |  7 Pages guilty look as you walk your routine route. Homelessness is a major problem that continues to grow every year in America. According to The Huffington Post, â€Å"Over half a million people are homeless. One quarter of homeless people are children.† (â€Å"10 Facts About Homelessness† par. 4). With the growing community of homeless people one-fourth of that is to be composed of homeless children. A person under the age of eighteen years old who have an absence of proper housing vital for a standard personRead MoreThe Disgrace of Veteran Homelessness Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican soldiers have proudly served their country. Because of these wars America is famous throughout the world for military power and its protection of freedom in the world. Today the U.S is an international symbol of wealth and power; it has the largest Gross Domestic Product in the world as well as the strongest military. Yet even America falls prey to a social ill that plagues every society, that of the homelessness of its citizens. Shamefully of those homeless 23% are reported to be veteransRead MoreEssay on The Causes of Homelessness1301 Words   |  6 Pagesproblem: homelessness. Homelessness in America could be considered a major issue considering that over six hundred thousand people are homeless at any one time. Of those homeless, 46% were individuals not regularly occurring homelessness, 37% were individuals with chronic homelessness, and about 16% were families (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2013). One might ask themselves, â€Å"How does this affect me?† Currently, it might not, however if you look at the statistics, homelessness was not aRead MoreThe Homeless Are Homeless : A Middle Class Lifestyle After Marriage1654 Words   |  7 Pagesat least four episodes of homelessness in the past three years (Doran). The reason there are so many homeless people now in the country is because of a very punitive and moralistic societal value we have about people who are homeless and in desperate need. (Tsemberis). The government should provide more adequate shelter because child homelessness is at an all time high in the United States, mental health issues are more common among homeless people, veteran homelessness is increasing throughout

The Rise Of The Industrial Revolution - 937 Words

With the hum of new machines came the buzz of prominent voices and ideologies within the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution began in England around the eighteenth century. It was a period of time where there was a transition from rural agriculture to powered machinery, and mass production of goods. Though the goods increased, a new social system also emerged, which consequently caused tensions between the working class and the bourgeoisie. These strains between the proletarian group and the bourgeoisie gave rise to many political responses as to how the economy should be carried out. Philosophers of the Industrial Revolution often debated on whether to leave the economic system for how it was, a call for reform, or overthrowing the system as a whole by means of a revolution. The philosophers that defended the new system believed that the economic structure should have the freedom from government intervention, called the laissez-faire political economy, so that they cou ld act on self-interest in order to create greater goods for the greatest profit. A notable philosopher who strongly defended the new economic system was Harriet Martineau. Harriet Martineau was a classic liberal who firmly believed that workers should leave their wages to the supply and demands of the free market. She defended the laissez-faire system because she believed that the competition in the market would lead to a balance between payout and profit, which would lead to higher wages andShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Industrial Revolution942 Words   |  4 Pagesbegin to blister, maybe the farmer will become dehydrated and will have to stop production? There’s a famous quote that states â€Å"time is money,†which before the Industrial Revolution was admittedly true. Merchants could not spare a second because time could not afford to be wasted. Furthermore, during the rise of the Industrial Revolution, which took place during the18th and 19th century, merchants were eleiviated of the burden of meager income, malnutrition, and etc. Which of course sounds greatRead MoreThe Rise Of The Industrial Revolution Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesA revolution is a â€Å"sudden, extreme, or complete change in the way people live, work, etc.† (Meriam-Webster). The Industrial Revolution was a shift from largely rural, handcrafted and agricultural economies to an eventual urban technology-driven economies. The revolution began in Britain in the 1700s, hit the United States in the 1800s and spread to the whole world by the 1900s. Europe and the United States were components in the products of the Industrial Revolution going viral. These two countriesRead MoreThe Rise Of The Industrial Revolution1007 Words   |  5 Pages Analytical Paper In the late 1800s, with the rise of the industrial revolution, there were business titans make millions and curating monopoly. These men were know as Robber Barons, like Cornelius Vanderbilt, J.P Morgan, Andrew Carnegie and John D, Rockefeller. These men were buying up every business that had any relationship with their companies in order to corner the market and create monopolies. These companies had no restrictions on the business practices and business acquisitions during thisRead MoreThe Rise Of The Industrial Revolution1349 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the height of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, specifically England, was a period of mass sufferings, child induced labor, and food shortages all due to the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization, in which a large population of the people from rural areas migrated to cities and towns out of necessity for work, â€Å"half of the population of England and Wales was living in towns by 1850.† This was all witne ssed by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels when they were living in England inRead MoreThe Rise Of The Industrial Revolution1464 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses,† said Henry Ford. The Industrial Revolution was a stage in the evolution of human society in which a lot of change was effected, not only because of all the new technology being invented, but in the structure of society. As people started to stand up for their rights and rejecting the long-standing institution of wealth determining status, the Old Regime had to adapt. France’s Constitution of 1791 had one law that classifiedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The Rise Of Computer Industry Essay1799 Words   |  8 PagesThe Industrial Revolution caused a great change in history in both technology and science. With the increased mechanization of society and the increase in manufactured goods. We still see its effects today and you could argue that the Industrial Revolution is still going on with the rise of computer industry and the internet. We also are seeing the impact of the Industrial Revolution and how it has effected our environment and even how we conduct war. Before the Industrial Revolution most productionRead MoreThe Rise of the Factory System during the Industrial Revolution1245 Words   |  5 Pagesof management theories ranging from classical theories of management to the Japanese management model. The present day management theory is the outcome of the many interdisciplinary efforts of a wide range of people. The rise of the factory system during the Industrial Revolution in Europe, where mechanization or automation and mass production were the pillars of productivity, was the start of the modern day organization. Management theory was, however, slow to evolve. There was a need to define managementRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Associated With Britain s Rise As An Imperial Power?2272 Words   |  10 Pageswhat extent was the industrial revolution associated with Britain’s rise as an imperial power? In the middle of the 18th century, there were many major European colonial powers; Spain, Portugal, the Dutch Republic, France and of course, Great Britain . A century later, by about the middle of the 19th century, the British Empire was unrivalled, stretching all around the world and having become a great trading and conquering empire. During this period, the â€Å"industrial revolution† was credited to haveRead MoreIndustrial Revolutions During Europe During The Industrial Revolution1298 Words   |  6 PagesIndustrial Revolution in Europe Before the industrial revolution, Europe was mostly dominated by farmers but as the industrial revolution progressed this changed dramatically. Industrial revolution had a significant impact in the process by making new demands that shaped the way of life through increased competition and technological innovation. Generally, it was a historical period that sparked in a stroke a number numerous changes in the economic, social and political dimensions. It is consideredRead Morefactors that contributed to the rise and development of sociology1511 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay serves to outline the factors that contributed to the rise of sociology and the latter`s development. In simply terms, sociology is the scientific study of the society and human behavior. The emergence of sociology traces back to the eighteenth century up to present day. Johnson (1998) suggests that in summary, the rise and development of sociology is based on political, economic, demographic, social and scien tific changes. Ritzer (2008) asserts that the immediate cause for the beginning

Drug Abuse And Alcohol Abuse - 749 Words

In my selection for an agency that I would consider to work in, it was narrowed down to working for the State of New Hampshire in particular the Bureau of Drug and Alcohol Services. This is an agency within an agency. The main reason I chose this area is due to two factors: the first one is that drug and alcohol is such a sever addiction that it is almost impossible for the individual to get out of it on their own. The second factor is first-hand experience. I myself have been down the same road as so many others with drug abuse and addiction. I certainly believe that this experience will benefit other individuals due to that fact that I can relate to them wholeheartedly. Addiction is a serious condition, and for many a hard area to overcome. By having first-hand experience I feel as though I can relate more to these individuals than a professional who has never experienced addiction or drug abuse. By allowing these clients to understand where I come from and my history with addiction and drug use they would be able to feel freer and comfortable which over all would allow them to be completely honest. This honesty factor in the long run would benefit them in the treatment of their addictions. New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services: The New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is the largest agency in New Hampshire state government, responsible for the health, safety and well-being of the citizens of New Hampshire (NHDHHS, 2015). NHDHHSShow MoreRelatedAlcohol and Drug Abuse1722 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol and Drug Addiction Samara Kitchens COM/156 Instructor: Sunday, May 19, 2013 There was a missing person report across the news today, my co-worker stated. I never paid any attention to it; I went on about my day as if everything was fine. When I arrived at home I had severalRead MoreThe Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe abuse of drugs and alcohol has been a known issue over past decades. The media paints the picture that alcohol and drug use is fun and the only way to have a good time. While alcohol in moderation is fine, many people find themselves going over board and abusing it. Elicit drugs like cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and have several adverse effects. People find themselves depressed and anxious so they ultimately try to use these drugs to mask the pain instead of getting help for theirRead MoreThe Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol1146 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper examines how the abuse of drugs and alcohol can drastically alter the dynamics of the family as a whole. Addiction is a chronic disorder that tears families apart as it destroys the individuals themselves. There is a thin line that family members walk in order to function with an addict daily. The impact that family member have can either be a positive facilitator towards the addicts recovery or the family can become drawn into the addicts world of abuse and addiction. There are variousRead MoreDrug Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesDrug and Alcohol Abuse Drug and alcohol abuse is something that is happening more and more often it seems. There are many reason for this happening. First of all, people experiment with drugs and alcohol mainly out of curiosity. Maybe their friends are doing it, they just want to have a good time, or they could be hoping to improve athletic performance. It is common thing at parties and social gatherings for people to feel the need to drink or try drugs. Another reason start to use and abuse drugsRead MoreThe Drug Of Drug And Alcohol Abuse Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe movie Trainspotting is an entertaining look into the dark world of drug and alcohol abuse. Heroin is the drug of choice for the protagonist, but other substances are also consumed throughout the film: heroin, prescription medication, opium, hash, amphetamines, and alcohol are a constant presence in the story. Repeated polysubstance abuse combined with a negative social environment and a weak support structure compounds the problems of Renton, a heroin addicted young adult man living in ScotlandRead MoreDrug Alcohol And Drug Abuse1773 Words   |  8 Pagesnet - guide - Avoiding Alcohol And Drug Abuse In College College is a time of great personal growth and education, but it is also a time to have a lot of fun. Unfortunately, people often take this fun too far by delving into excessive drug and alcohol abuse. This impacts millions of college students every year in multiple ways, including creating a lifelong addiction, causing educational problems, and even personal injury. However, it is possible to avoid alcohol and drug abuse in college. It takesRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol And Drug Abuse919 Words   |  4 Pagesof Alcohol and Drug Abuse There may be some things that you don t know about the impact of drug and alcohol abuse on friends and family and how your friends and family may react to your choices. Having knowledge about alcohol and drug abuse, preventing toxic relationship with friends, and being informed about the consequences of drug and alcohol abuse can prevent the harmful use or consumption of drugs and alcohol. First and foremost, having knowledgeable information on the impact drugs andRead MoreThe Problem Of Drugs And Alcohol Abuse765 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction My chosen contemporary social problem is drugs and alcohol abuse. It goes without saying that drugs and alcohol abuse is one of the most significant social problems not only in the United States but also around the world. As a matter of facts, drugs and alcohol abuse is a problem with innumerable effects both on the body and mind of a person. Many times, these adverse impacts affect the families, friends, and acquaintances of the addict whereby, for instance, the latter may lose theirRead MoreAdolescent Drug Abuse And Alcohol1426 Words   |  6 Pages1 RUNNING HEAD: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Adolescent Drug Abuse and Alcohol Nyria Madison Liberty University Coun 620 Abstract Around the world we are finding that most adolescent are experiencing drugs and alcohol. This has been a huge issue for years. This has become a trend in society as of today. This paper will discuss the perspective of adolescent alcohol and drugs. This paper will also identify and inform you on the common predictors of adolescentRead MoreTeenage Drug And Alcohol Abuse978 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage drug and alcohol abuse is becoming a major problem in the United States. Abuse of illicit substances eventually leads to an addiction. Drug and alcohol addiction is a disease, and it is contagious. It does not spread through germs; it spreads through families, schools, and communities. There are two youth prevention programs that try to exceed at decreasing the drug and alcohol abuse in teenagers. They are the D.A.R.E. program and the Serenity House based out of Texas. The D.A.R.E. program

Bahlawane Discussion Free Essays

The discussion is formulated, as the entire thesis, along with the two major investigations done during this study. These are the study of the regulatory mechanism of wg genes expression in the first part and of Rem expression in the second part. An emphasis is given to the role of MucR in both regulation paths. We will write a custom essay sample on Bahlawane Discussion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finally, the conclusion will try to point out the consequences of an inter-connected regulation and be closed on the role of MucR for the symbiosis efficiency in S. meliloti. I. Regulation scheme of galactoglucan synthesis in low and high Pi Published, also already edited II. Regulation scheme of motility genes in S. meliloti. Motility and chemotaxis offers micro – organisms a distinct advantage when faced with starvation, toxic substances or a requirement to approach the appropriate host. However, the motility machinery places high energy demands on the cell. Bacteria develop a strict regulation network to control the expression of motility – related genes to avoid inappropriate energy expenditure. Bacteria also invoke alternative strategies for the regulation of motility when faced with starvation or reduced nutrient conditions. In some bacteria, e. g. , Serratia liquefaciens and Escherichia coli, this strict regulation results an increase of ability to migrate when faced with reduced nutrient conditions (Sharma, Anand, 2002). Apparently the strategy is to engage the motility machinery only in response to stress / starvation conditions by moving towards a better environment. In other bacteria, e. g. S. meliloti, the strict regulation results migration toward chemo-attractants under nutrient sufficient or excess conditions and the development of the vegetative state and biofilm upon encountering stress/starvation conditions (Wei, Bauer, 1998). Thus, S. meliloti was found to be motile throughout active growth, when nutrients are readily available, and to become non-motile upon transition to the stationary phase (Rotter et al. , 2006). The clue of this regulation remained unknown up to the present. Some advances have been performed by the discovery of Rem (Rotter et al. , 2006), a Class Ib regulator, which expression follows the cell motility. Recently, Hoang et al. (Hoang et al. , 2008) demonstrated that quorum sensing (QS) regulated motility in strain Rm8530 through the regulation of visNR expression by ExpR by using an unknown mechanism. 1. Modulation of rem expression Since rem expression was found to be growth – dependent and that visN expression was constant all through the growth, new regulators of motility were expected (Rotter et al. , 2006). In the present study, we demonstrated that MucR affects motility by regulation of rem expression. Binding of MucR to the promoter region upstream of rem was shown and a sequence sharing similarities with the MucR binding site consensus (Bertram-Drogatz et al. , 1998) was identified in this region. However, further investigations suggested that sequences, downstream of this consensus, could be required for MucR binding to the rem upstream region. Since MucR inhibition was increased by a mutation in rem, we speculated that the ratio of Rem / MucR levels in the cell may contribute to the regulation of motility in S. meliloti. In RU11/001, Rem was found to be present in great amount in cells at low density (Rotter et al. , 2006) and slowly disappear during the exponential growth. We did not retrieve a much higher rem transcription level at low cell density in our wild type Rm2011. However, we cannot exclude that post – transcriptional regulation is responsible for the accumulation of Rem protein in Rm2011 at low cell density. If high levels of Rem are present in the cell, the effect of MucR on regulation of rem appears to be negligible. Consistent with this postulation, we observed that at low cell densities, the expression of rem promoter was inhibited in the presence of an intact mucR locus and a disrupted rem locus, but not in the presence of a functional rem locus. In such scenario, the quantity of Rem within the cell in a culture of low cell density might be high enough to completely mask the effect of MucR, while at higher cell density, the higher quantity of MucR within the cell might be sufficient to inhibit transcription of rem. Another explanation for the difference of rem expression pattern between the strain RU11/001 and Rm2011 might be the expR status of these two independent wild types. Indeed, Rm2011 exhibits an insertion element within expR (Pellock et al. , 2002), leading to a non – functional gene and consequently a deficient quorum- sensing (QS) system. It was previously shown that the Sin / ExpR quorum sensing system (Marketon et al. , 2002;Marketon et al. , 2003) down-regulates motility and chemotaxis genes and that the visN-visR operon was a target for the LuxR-type regulator ExpR (HOANG 2004, HOANG 2008). We could confirm the inhibition of visN expression by AHL-activated ExpR and its relay to the rem expression. Moreover, McIntosh demonstrated binding of ExpR to the promoter region of visN in the presence of AHLs implying that ExpR directly regulates transcription of visN-visR (personal communication). While rem expression levels are regulated by several regulators, including ExpR, VisN and VisR, as demonstrated in this study and elsewhere (Hoang et al. , 2008;Rotter et al. , 2006) it is unknown what factors affect expression of the autoregulated mucR gene (Muller et al. , 1993). However, MucR appears to function as a repressor, both in the presence and absence of a functional Sin quorum sensing system (Bahlawane C. et al. , 2008;McIntosh et al. , 2008), suggesting that the regulation of mucR expression is not dependent on quorum sensing, although this remains to be confirmed. 2. Requirement for swimming and swarming motility This study highlights another interesting aspect of motility in S. meliloti, namely, swarming, but not swimming, depends on the presence of a functional quorum sensing system and galactoglucan production. The requirement of exopolysaccharides for swarming was recently highlighted in a large scale analysis of Tn5 mutants exhibiting swarming defects in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008). The requirement of a functional quorum sensing for swarming was likewise found in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008;Daniels et al. , 2006). However, this strain exhibits two different quorum sensing systems CinIR and RaiIR, with a much brighter QS signal molecules spectrum. We demonstrated that in S. meliloti, only those strains with an intact ExpR / Sin quorum sensing system and capable of galactoglucan and flagella production showed the ability to swarm. Even if MucR modulated the expression of the regulator of motility, the swimming ability of a mucR, expR – mutant (Rm101) was not affected. Therefore, swimming required flagella production, but not the ExpR/Sin system and galactoglucan biosynthesis. Swimming is an individual endeavour, whereas swarming is the coordinated movement of a population of bacteria in high viscosity media or over a surface and has been shown to be widespread among flagellated bacteria, particularly in association with quorum sensing (Harshey, 2003;Sharma, Anand, 2002). Hence, the involvement of quorum sensing in swarming, but not in swimming, may be an important feature in coordination of motility. 3. Interconnection between both regulation networks and comparison with other strains Coupling of the regulation of bacterial exopolysaccharide production and the regulation of cell motility has also been found in Ralstonia solanacearum (5), Vibrio cholerae (1, 34), and Salmonella enterica (7), and presumably increases the ability of the cells to interact with their prospective host cells. We found that ExpR functions as inhibitor of the master regulator of motility VisNR, in addition to its role as an activator of the expression of the galactoglucan genes in the presence of Sin AHLs and positively affect expression of exoK and exsH leading to the depolymerisation of succinoglycan (McIntosh et al. , 2008). Moreover, MucR is shown to inhibit the motility through rem expression, in addition to its role in the activation the HMW succinoglycan production and inhibition of the galactoglucan production. This fits well to the opposite regulation for succinoglycan biosynthesis and motility found previously for S. meliloti strains (Hoang et al. , 2008;Wells et al. , 2007;Yao et al. , 2004). A model is therefore proposed (Fig. 4. 2) where the inverse regulation of succinoglycan and flagella synthesis, as well as the role of MucR and ExpR are highlighted. Figure 4. 1 Regulation schem of the motility in S. meliloti Dashed lines indicate an unknown regulation path and lines indicate a direct regulation through demonstrated DNA / protein interactions. The direct effect of ExoR /ExoS has to be further analyses, expecially the interaction with visN promoter has to be elucidated. Chapter 2 Conclusion Taking in account the scheme of galactoglucan synthesis regulation (Fig. 4. 1) and the scheme of motility regulation (Fig. 4. 2) proposed in this study, we may try to follow the effect of such regulation paths in the life – styles of the bacteria. The last one is named as free – living microorganism or as symbiont in the plant root. In the first case, the bacteria are exposed to dryness and nutrients starvation. At this stage, the biofilm production is a pre-requisite for survival. Therefore, the EPS’s biosynthesis has to be switched ON. As it is quite improbable that the cell density is high enough to activate the quorum sensing system, we can speculate that MucR plays a key role in activating the succinoglycan biosynthesis. Since the soil exhibits very low level of Pi, galactoglucan is, at this point produced through the activation via phoB and WggR. Upon biofilm formation, the cell density probably increases and could activate the quorum sensing system, allowing the bacteria to produce more galactoglucan and swarm towards better conditions. In such conformation, the cells present within the centre of the swarming population are non motile and synthesized EPS; thus the cells present at the migration front are highly motile but do not synthesized EPS. It would be interesting to clarify whether a cell differentiation, as proposed by Soto (Soto et al. , 2002), takes place at this stage. Finally, if the host is present in the next neighbourhood the chemotactic compounds, as well as the nutrients found in the rood exudates, will attract the bacteria. When approaching the root, the moisture increases, along with the nutrients availability; so that swarming motility will be replaced by swimming motility that decline progressively. Indeed, the bacteria attached to the root, increasing the cell density that may lead to the inhibition of flagella production via ExpR / QS. Instead, EPS are produced, allowing recognition between the plant and the microbe as well as the invasion of the new synthesized infection thread. Once within the root, the bacteria will differentiate to bacteroid and start fixing nitrogen. We tried to highlight in this thesis the relevance of exopolysaccharides and motility for an efficient symbiosis. Great advances have been made the last years, leading to the identification of the quorum sensing interaction with motility. We participate in inclusion of MucR, as new regulator of motility and ExpR as requisite for swarming. However, the full understanding of the influence of motility in symbiosis establishment will require finding out which signals are inducing mucR and exoR/ exoS. Moreover, some tests have to be implemented to investigate the symbiosis establishment in more realistic conditions. Indeed, the bacteria are usually directly inoculated to the root, so that motility, via swarming or swimming is not required. Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Alfred Puhler, Chair of the Genetics department, for allowing me use the very good infrastructure that promotes a very pleasant and conducive atmosphere during my research using performant techniques. I am especially grateful to Prof. Dr. Anke Becker, my supervisor, for giving me the chance to come back to research. Without her advices, ideas and resources, this work would not be possible and achieved. Thus, I thank her too for the freedom she gave me, as well as her support to test new ideas and her great help by conceiving and writing the manuscripts that become the pillars of this manuscript. Within the laboratory members, I would like to thank first Dr. Birgit Baumgarth who introduced me to the lab and to the investigated organism. Then, special thanks to Dr. Matthew McIntosh for the quorum sensing – related work and his help for preparing the derived publication. Furthermore, I would like to deeply thank Dr. Natasha Pobigaylo for her friendship, her helpful discussions and for giving me courage when I am about to lose it. I thank Manuela Mayer, too, for the assistance in microarray hybridizations as well as Dr. Lisa Krol, Javier Serrania and Thomas Montfort for the everyday help in the lab. Finally, I would like to thank all Exopol group members for the support and advices. Least, I would like to thank my family for their unending and heartwarming support in many ways. Special thanks to Rachida Bendaou, my mother-in-law, for her support in caring my children during my research. I would like to thank my children, Ines, Soraya and Jasmine, for filling up my life with love and happiness. I would like to apologize for the bad mood and stress situations that are unfortunately connected with such a thesis. My heartfelt gratitude to my understanding and loving husband, Naoufal, for his moral and financial support, for believing in me and for sharing the passion for science with me. Resume In order to enter symbiosis with its legume partner, Sinorhizobium meliloti has to face continual changing conditions. It has more ability to adapt quickly to the situation than the ability to face it efficiently that makes the difference in term of symbiosis efficiency. For the first interactions with its host, motility is required by S. meliloti to move towards the chemotactic compounds released by its host when exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are required later on, for the attachment to the root as well as for the invasion of the infection thread, leading to the formation of the root nodule. We focused in this study the regulatory networks leading to the coordination of motility and EPS’s production in the strain Rm2011. Depending on the phosphate concentration encountered in the environment Rm2011 synthesizes two different exopolysaccharides (EPS). Galactoglucan (EPS II) is produced under phosphate starvation but also in the presence of extra copies of the transcriptional regulator WggR (ExpG) or as a consequence of a mutation in mucR. The galactoglucan biosynthesis gene cluster contains the operons wga (expA), wge (expE), wgd (expD), and wggR (expG). Two promoters, differentially controlled by WggR, PhoB, and MucR, were identified upstream of each of these operons. The proximal promoters of the wga, wge, and wgd transcription units were constitutively active when separated from the upstream regulatory sequences. Promoter activity studies and the positions of predicted PhoB and WggR binding sites suggested that the proximal promoters are cooperatively induced by PhoB and WggR. MucR was shown to strongly inhibit the distal promoters and bound to the DNA in the vicinity of the distal transcription start sites. An additional inhibitory effect on the distal promoter of the structural galactoglucan biosynthesis genes was identified as a new feature of WggR in a mucR mutant. Motility is organized in S. meliloti in a hierarchical cascade, with Class Ia genes, encoding the major regulator of motility VisNR; controlling the expression of the class Ib gene, rem, which encodes a central regulator, activating the expression of the downstream Class II and class III genes. We could demonstrate that MucR binds a DNA sequence upstream of rem, following a different mechanism as previously observed upon binding upstream of the wg genes. By this way, MucR inhibits rem expression as well as the expression of the Rem-regulated genes such as flaF and flgG. Furthermore, we addressed a balance of the swimming and swarming abilities of several S. meliloti strains derivatives of Rm2011. We could show that all strains, able to build flagella, were swimming on low viscosity agar plates. However, swarming over high viscosity agar plates required all a functional expR / sin locus, the ability to build flagellum and the production of exopolysaccharides. Finally, we propose a model for the coordination of motility and EPSs synthesis in S. meliloti. How to cite Bahlawane Discussion, Papers

Bush’s Letter to Hussein Essay Sample free essay sample

President George Bush’s missive to President Saddam Hussein is a convincing section intended to carry Hussein to take his forces from Kuwait before struggle ensues. Some critical readers believe that Bush does non supply a rational statement. but this paper is taking the point of view that Bush non merely is rational. but telling. President George Bush is able to efficaciously convey his forceful message to President Saddam Hussein. showing that Iraq must go forth Kuwait through the usage of set uping credibleness. strength. repeat. and persuasive entreaties by explicating that the universe will non digest war and force any longer. Bush’s missive was sent to Iraq with the intent of making his primary audience of President Saddam Hussein. Hussein has a set of beliefs that differ from the remainder of the universe and as a consequence. he feels that he has the power to make what he wants. This can be assumed based on the fact that Hussein felt compelled to come in Kuwait. an ally of the United States and its alliance spouses. in the first topographic point. This act shows his bravery. This missive was meant for Hussein. as it was sent to him and his people straight. but there are a couple secondary audiences that can be deduced from the text. The people of the United States. who will finally judge President George Bush for this missive. were taken into history with statements such as. â€Å"The American people would demand the strongest possible response. † The remainder of the universe was non ignored though. as there was a particular accent on indicating out the 12 Security Council Resolutions. 28 states supplying military units. and the one hundred plus authoritiess following with the letter’s countenances. Bush’s missive had a broad scope of audiences from world’s authoritiess. to the people of the United States. to Saddam straight ; e ach with their ain alone message. With such a huge array of audiences to make. this missive besides has a huge array of messages to carry through. When it comes to President Saddam Hussein. the intent is clear. The missive has an initial aim to bring on him to go forth Kuwait. by offering to allow Iraq back into the international community and giving them a six twenty-four hours grace period to go forth. More significantly. this missive informs Hussein of the dire effects if he continues his invasion. including a full on war that would lay waste to Iraq’s authorities and military for old ages to come. Bush’s implicit in message to the universe was different. To them. it is a call-to-arms to be ready for war. in the likely opportunity that Hussein refused to go forth Kuwait. The missive referred to the 28 states that will supply military support in the attempts against Iraq. with a â€Å"Start Preparing† kind of tone. Of class. the President of the United States could non anticipate to direct this missive without sing the people of the United States. The missive mentions how strong America’s will is and how the people will demand a strong response. which points at seeking to acquire the significance of this state of affairs into the heads of the American people so that they are ready and informed. With so many intents and people to make in this missive it makes sense that it came from the President of the United States. a place of such universe standing. where every word wrote will be analyzed by every possible beginning. Continuing this paper’s analysis of Bush’s missive. he quickly attempts to edify the citizens of Iraq with certain entreaties that they are. in fact. entirely in this statement and will stay that manner if go oning on to war. While utilizing little statistic Numberss. seeking to carry the President of Iraq how they stand entirely. Bush states how many people are on the United States side. These include ; Security Council Resolutions. the states supplying armed forcess. and all the authoritiess that are in understanding with them. reasoning that it is Iraq at odds with the universe. This holding grounds. is a scare tactic as it shows Hussein that they are largely unaided and besides. a show of inauspicious effects forcing Iraq to believe that they would doubtless lose the battle. Even though the message comes across to some extent endangering to the people of Iraq. Bush appeases the feeling by saying that his purpose was merely to inform them seeing as how the United Sta tes has no wrangle with Iraq. In decision. President George Bush’s missive shows how united the universe is against Iraq’s aggression. Twenty-eight states would give military assistance and one 100 authoritiess would hold with the United States place. Iraq has no Alliess in their coup detat of Kuwait. Bush’s menaces of military action challenge Saddam Hussein’s haughtiness and sense of infallibility. Warnings of the devastation of Iraq’s military and loss of life would be on the custodies of Hussein himself. The United States would non be responsible for Iraq’s losingss. Again. the primary audience for this missive is Hussein himself. because in a absolutism such as Iraq. the people themselves are deprived of such information. Brute force keeps everyone in line with authorities directives. Furthermore. by providing a bead dead day of the month of 6 yearss for following with the menace of military intercession. this allows the possibility of Iraq fall ining the internation al community. This logical and persuasive missive targeted to an irrational egotistic autocrat demonstrates the strength that the United States has to non excuse Hussein’s stratagem any longer.

Titration Lab free essay sample

The equivalence point is characterized by a sharp change of pH which can be followed with a pHmeter. A graph of pH versus concentration will indicate the molar equivalence at the inflexion point of the curve. The point observed experimentally is never exactly the molar equivalence but a â€Å"best estimate† and is given the name â€Å"end point†. It is easier and cheaper to identify the end point with an indicator instead a pHmeter. Some chemicals such as phenolphthalein will change color when the pH changes sharply between two given values called the indicator’s range. The range of phenolphthalein is 8. 3 to 10. 0. The shape of a pH curve varies widely with the type of reactants and needs to be taken into account when choosing an indicator. We will titrate a strong base (NaOH) of unknown concentration with a strong acid (HCl). The objective is to find the purity of NaOH pellets. The pellets are close to purity but not 100 % because NaOH is very hydrophilic and the pellets are likely to be slightly hydrated. We will write a custom essay sample on Titration Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The procedure: The first part of the laboratory experiment will be the preparation of the reactants and the choice of an indicator. You will need to prepare the analyte, a solution of NaOH, of a chosen concentration and volume and prepare a solution of HCl, the titrant, accordingly. Accordingly means that the end point should be reached after the delivery of manageable volume. If a 50. ml burette is used the volume to be delivered should be between 15. ml and 40 ml. The chosen concentration of NaOH means the concentration of NaOH that you would obtain if the tablets were pure, with the understanding the objective of the titration is to give you a more accurate measurement that you will use to calculate the purity of the tablet. Acid-base chemistry tells us that the reaction between the hydronium and hydroxide ions is extensive and that the pH of the equivalence point should be close to 7. You will design a titration procedure indicating the reactants, the equipment, the data to be collected and the calculations. You will then proceed with two or three measurements depending on the precision of the first two. Your report will review the chemical background, present the data and the result and justify in your error analysis the number of significant figures of your reported concentration. The average of the trial is 24. 3 mL. The molarity of NaOH was found by using the M1V1 = M2V2 equation, resulting in 1. 1 M of NaOH. Discussion In the Titrations Lab, 50. 0 mL of 0. M HCl and appropriate amount of NaOH were titrated to find  the molarity of NaOH and the pH of the solution after x mL of NaOH has been added. The lab discussed the difference between equivalence point, the point at which the reaction between titrant and unknown is complete, and the endpoint, the point where the indicator turns color. The color change occurs when the concentration of more dominant form is ten times as great as the less dominant. However, color changes in a solution does not necessarily equal to the equivalence point. Equivalence point can be found by observing the indicator, or using a pH meter and finding midpoint of vertical line in the titration curve. Endpoints can be found by observing the color change of the indicator. The titration lab also involved indicators. Indicators are substances which undergoes a color change in the pH interval of the equivalence point, allowing physical observation of pH change. Most indicators are weak acids, so protons shift from acid to conjugate base. The concentrations of indicators in a solution do not change molarity value.

Critical analysis of after Apple picking Essay Example For Students

Critical analysis of after Apple picking Essay The choice of diction in Harvest remains unexplained- it could refer to the physical apples, the metaphorical chances or to spiritual concepts. This links back to the subject matters of regret, death and sleep- the poet emphasizes his regret in there were ten thousand thousand. The repetition of the word thousand seems to emphasize the amount of opportunity he had but yet failed to realize. A sense of frustration is also felt in the plosive For all the poet is frustrated in the immediate categorization and castigation of any apple that fell. The lack of opportunity for the apple to prove itself, as it were, is a metaphysical allusion to religion and a critique of categorizing people into good vs. bad. Frost keeps the most intriguing devices for his poem to the last. Thus far, Frost has confined himself to the explicit use of imagery and an acute notice of emotions to serve as a medium for his thoughts. However, the languid tone that pervades the poem is succored in the last passage when he talks unambiguously about sleep for the first time. This is made apparent in his choice of diction: One instead of I. By snapping out of his first person narrative, the apple picker distances him from the dreamlike quality of the poem and into a sharper dialogue. The selection of the woodchuck is a metaphor for physical sleep; however, Frost also implies sit may be some kind of longer sleep. That the poet remains unsure and undecided by the end of the poem shows suspension between not-life and not-death; where language is narcotized toward incoherence and lack of control. This final analysis makes sense in the methods explored earlier: the 2 possible analyses applied to the poem and the lack of resolution by the poems end. In the end, the poet shows that his exertions have left him so fatigue that he could sleep like the dead. Indeed the final line expresses a diminished sense of human sleep, a diminished sense of the labor, knowledge, and aspiration. It is the lack of definite analyses or poets intention that is the poets purpose here- to create and undecided poem, mimicking his own fatigue and the drowsing off of the speaker as he rambles on. The last point to be analysed can be found in Frosts style. He resorts to biblical allusion at several points, which his intended audience- 20th century Americans- would be able to grasp with ease. This is combined with abstract metaphor for sleep as death, sky for heaven, ladder for ascension and hoary grass for earth. Frost completes this jigsaw with his acute sensory perception, explicit use of imagery and multiple emotions (fatigue, desire, frustration, resignation). This gives it the unique transcendentalist touch- indeed; Frost seems to avoid labeling his poem with a definite message. Whilst the biblical allusion ascribes to his audiences spiritual consciousness his use of imagery induces emotions which mirror his own. After Apple Picking by Robert Frost is an ambiguous poem that should be celebrated for its lack of a definite meaning and acclaimed for its unique transcendentalist nature. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our International Baccalaureate World Literature section. Download this essay Print Save Top Heres what a star student thought of this essay 5 star(s).